Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Carley Carley, William. 1986. ‘Flight Attendant Unions Are Losing Strength.’. The Wall Street Journal, 8(April): 6 [Google Scholar], ‘Flight Attendant Unions are Losing Strength,’ 6. Fantasia Fantasia Rick Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action, and Contemporary American Workers Berkeley: University of California Press 1988 [Google Scholar], Cultures of Solidarity, 189. Shostak and Skocik Shostak A Skocik D The Air Controller's Controversy: Lessons from the PATCO Strike New York: Human Sciences Press, Inc. 1986 [Google Scholar], The Air Controller's Controversy; Nordlund Nordlund Willis, J Silent Skies: The Air Traffic Controllers' Strike Westport, CT: Praeger 1998 [Google Scholar], Silent Skies. 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For information about airline workers, see Robinson Robinson Jack, E Freefall: The Needless Destruction of Eastern Air Lines and the Valiant Struggle to Save It New York: Harper Collins 1992 [Google Scholar], Freefall; Bernstein Bernstein Aaron Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines New York: Simon and Schuster 1990 [Google Scholar], Grounded. For a successful return of striking workers, see Juravich and Bronfenbrenner Juravich T Bronfenbrenner K Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor Ithaca, NY: ILR Press 1999 [Google Scholar], Ravenswood. Reporting on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, David Moberg stated, ‘strike activity in 1999 hit the lowest point since 1947, when the Bureau's record keeping began’. See, Berendt, ‘Lecture Series,’ 261. Steele Steele Donna Wings of Pride: TWA Cabin Attendants, A Pictorial History 1935–1985 Marceline, MO: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1985 [Google Scholar], Wings of Pride. Steele Steele Donna Wings of Pride: TWA Cabin Attendants, A Pictorial History 1935–1985 Marceline, MO: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1985 [Google Scholar], Wings of Pride, 26. Steele Steele Donna Wings of Pride: TWA Cabin Attendants, A Pictorial History 1935–1985 Marceline, MO: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1985 [Google Scholar], Wings of Pride, 199–223. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts, 1987, 4. In November 1986, IFFA began what was to be the longest court case in the history of the District Court Eighth Circuit. Known as the bad faith bargaining case, IFFA counsel argued that TWA had bargained in bad faith. Rather than ‘economic strikers’, therefore, IFFA workers were ‘unfair labor practice strikers’, who should get their jobs back with back pay. Much of the documentation for this article comes from this court case ( IFFA v. TWA 6030). In addition to this document, transcripts from the court case ( IFFA v. TWA 6030, Transcripts), depositions from both IFFA and TWA ( IFFA v. TWA 6030, Depositions), exhibits ( IFFA v. TWA 6030, Exhibits), the argument by TWA's counsel, (Murray Gartner and Paul E. Donnelly Murray G Donnelly PE Defendant TWA's Suggestions in Support of its Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b) 1987 [Google Scholar]), to dismiss the bad faith bargaining case, and the District Court decision (Howard E. Sachs) in favor of dismissal will be used. When IFFA gave the author permission to study their strike, they also gave permission to work with these documents in the their counsels' office, Jolley, Walsh, Hager & Gordon in Kansas City, Missouri. Steele Steele Donna Wings of Pride: TWA Cabin Attendants, A Pictorial History 1935–1985 Marceline, MO: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1985 [Google Scholar], Wings of Pride, 51–140. Panter Nielsen Panter Nielsen Georgia From Sky Girl to Flight Attendant: Women and the Making of a Union Ithaca, NY: ILR Press 1982 [Google Scholar], From Sky Girl to Flight Attendant. The flight attendant occupation is a relatively neglected area of study. Some notable exceptions are, Cobble Cobble, Dorothy Sue. (Fall 1999). ‘ “A Spontaneous Loss of Enthusiasm”: Workplace Feminism and the Transformation of Women's Service Jobs in the 1970s.’. International Labor and Working Class History, 56: 23–44. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], ‘A Spontaneous Loss of Enthusiasm,’ 23–44; Russell Hochschild Russell Hochschild Arlie The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling Berkeley: University of California Press 1983 [Google Scholar], The Managed Heart. Nielsen, From Sky Girl to Flight Attendant, 133. IFFA, 630 News, 3. For more information on labor relations under the RLA after deregulation, see McKelvey McKelvey, Jean T. ed. Cleared for Takeoff Ithaca, NY: ILR Press 1988 [Google Scholar], Cleared for Takeoff. For information on how the RLA and Mackay doctrine on permanent replacements operate within this specific case study, see McClellan McClellan, Michael, D. (1989). ‘The Railway Labor Act Meets the Mackay Doctrine: Trans World Airlines v. Independent Federation of Flight Attendants.’. Creighton Law Review, 23: 159–189. [Google Scholar], ‘The Railway Labor Act Meets the Mackay Doctrine: Trans World Airlines v. Independent Federation of Flight Attendants,’ 159–189. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 10. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 15–16. IFFA, Hotline, January 25, 1984. IFFA used a phone system of ‘hotline’ messages to keep their membership informed on all kinds of issues. As the strike approached, these hotline messages carried important information to the flight attendants and changed almost daily. IFFA, Hotline, March 26, 1984. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 18–21. IFFA, ‘Arthur Teolis Answers Questions about 1984 Contract Negotiations,’ Audio Tape, 1984. IFFA v. TWA 6030, William Hoar, Deposition, 53. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 310. IFFA, Hotline, May 9, 1984, and October 2, 1984. Gartner and Donnelly, Defendant TWA's Suggestions in Support of its Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b). Similar to Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions against dismissal, this is TWA counsel's arguments for dismissal of IFFA v. TWA 6030, bad faith bargaining case. IFFA, Hotline, January 25, 1985. IFFA, 630 News, ‘IFFA Negotiations and the Sale of TWA … A Chronology,’ Fall 1985, 5. IFFA v. TWA 6030, Transcripts, Vicki Frankovich Witness, 3873–3876. IFFA, 630 News, Fall 1985, 5. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 109. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 110. IFFA v. TWA 6030, Richard Pearson, Deposition, 116. Richard Pearson was a member of TWA management and would later become President of TWA. In his deposition, he responds to a question about Icahn's impact on the employees, ‘… Mr Icahn's track record would suggest that he never really owned and ran anything. He generally broke up or sold off pieces of companies …’ IFFA v. TWA 6030, Transcripts, Vicki Frankovich Witness, 3881. IFFA v. TWA 6030, Transcripts, Vicki Frankovich Witness, 3878–3888. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 132–134. Interestingly, the agreement spoke of getting 20–22 percent from employees not represented by ALPA and IAM, but Icahn in his deposition (quoted in this section of Jolley) only remembers that ‘I agreed to I thought was my best efforts to get 20 to 22 percent from IFFA’. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 137–138. IFFA, Hotline, August 9, 1985. Vicki Frankovich, interview with author, July 1989. Jolley Jolley William, A Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions in Opposition to Defendant TWA's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P. Rule 41 (b), Volume I. Preliminary Statement and Statement of Facts 1987 [Google Scholar], Plaintiff IFFA's Suggestions, 255. IFFA v. 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